Estudo descritivo retrospectivo sobre as características dos familicídios em eSwatini
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37293/sapientiae112.08Palavras-chave:
África, violência doméstica, eSwatini, familicídio, homicídio relacionado com o géneroResumo
O familicídio, um homicídio envolvendo um parceiro atual ou antigo e pelo menos um biológico ou enteado, é um fenómeno global devastador que afeta particularmente as comunidades através da sua natureza de género. Este estudo analisou as características dos casos de familicídio em eSwatini para identificar fatores contribuintes e orientar estratégias de prevenção para esta forma pouco estudada de violência de género no contexto africano. Foi utilizado um desenho retrospetivo descritivo, utilizando análise indutiva de conteúdo de 24 casos de familicídio identificados através de arquivos nacionais de jornais e registos judiciais entre 2009 e junho de 2024. Os 24 casos envolveram 59 vítimas (35 crianças e 24 adultos). Os agressores do sexo masculino representaram 96% dos casos, sendo 79% pais biológicos, com uma média de 29,5 anos. A maioria dos incidentes ocorreu em contextos domésticos com histórico documentado de violência doméstica. Entre as crianças vítimas (idade média 4,1 anos), 57% morreram, incluindo a mais nova com duas semanas. Das vítimas adultas, 67% sobreviveram. Os principais fatores que contribuíram incluíram uma mulher a tentar terminar a relação (38% dos casos), suspeita de infidelidade (21%), recusa em reconciliação (17%) e pensão de alimentos obrigatória pelo tribunal (8%). Ao contrário dos contextos globais, onde predominam as armas de fogo, os autores usaram principalmente instrumentos facilmente disponíveis: ferramentas de hacking (9 casos), instrumentos de esfaqueamento (8 casos), incêndio criminoso (7 casos) e pesticidas (6 casos). Apenas 21% envolveram suicídio-familiaricídio, todos usando pesticidas. O familicídio em eSwatini apresenta tanto padrões universais (perpetração masculina, histórico de violência doméstica) como fatores culturalmente específicos (ameaças à dignidade social, normas de infidelidade assimétricas de género). As estratégias de prevenção exigem o desenvolvimento de ferramentas de avaliação de risco que fundam fatores de risco universais e culturalmente específicos, o reforço da capacidade das forças policiais e das estruturas tradicionais para combater a violência doméstica, e a regulação da aquisição de pesticidas. Uma complexa interação entre infraestruturas e limitações de recursos influencia significativamente os resultados do familicídio, aspetos potencialmente negligenciados na investigação proveniente de regiões desenvolvidas.
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